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John Holt was a colonial American newspaper publisher, printer, postmaster, and mayor of Williamsburg, Virginia, USA. == Biography == Holt was born in 1721 (exact date unknown), at colonial Williamsburg in the state of Virginia. He received his formal schooling and training as a merchant in the colonial town. His brother-in-law, William Hunter, the "public printer", likely taught him the printing business there. Holt first became a store shop merchant at Duke of Gloucester street in colonial Williamsburg on lots numbers 49 and 50 in a "new store" he built about 1745, now known as "Holt's storehouse" on the north side of the street. He also leased lot numbers 266, 267, 268 and 700 in colonial Williamsburg from Thomas Nelson during 1745 to 1753.〔 〕 He had a house on lots 267 and 268 at the corner of Nicholson and Botetourt Streets, known today as the "Ravenscroft Site".〔 Holt eventually became the mayor of colonial Williamsburg in November of 1752 and served one term from 1752 to 1753.〔 He also held other public positions;〔 from 1748 to 1754 he was Justice of the Peace for York County, Virginia.〔 In 1754 Holt had a negative cash flow problem at his Williamsburg storehouse, where he stocked general merchandise (i.e. groceries, dry goods, sewing items, china), so gave that business up. He then became one of two deputy postmasters-general for the British American colonies. He worked with James Parker as a deputy partner. Holt was quite concerned about the postal system and gave extensive improvement suggestions to Samuel Adams on January 29, 1776, from the practical experience he gained as a deputy postmaster. Part of the letter suggested that the Continental Congress should adequately supply whatever was necessary to provide reliable postal service. Another suggestion Holt recommended was good delivery of all letters to and from soldiers on duty and that they might go free of postage. Holt in the '' New York Journal or General Advertiser '' newspaper was the first person in New York to recommend a newsdealers' system for the delivery of newspapers instead of using post riders, which was dangerous. Holt played a role in the early history of the ''Connecticut Gazette''. In 1755 Thomas Clap, President of Yale College, invited Benjamin Franklin to set up a printing press in New Haven, Connecticut. Benjamin Mecom, Clap's nephew, was to operate the press to publish the paper Circumstances changed and Mecom declined to run the publication. Franklin then sold the materials to James Parker, a well-known printer who began the ''Connecticut Gazette'' on April 12, 1755; the first newspaper printed in the colony of Connecticut. Holt went to Parker in 1754 with a recommendation letter. Parker gave him a job in the printing business helping publish the ''Gazette''. The front page appeared with the co-partnership name of "James Parker and Company" on December 13, 1755. Holt became the junior partner and resident editor conducting the printing business of the newspaper publication at New Haven. He also ran the New Haven post office at the same time. Parker spent most of his time at his printing-house in New York City, so was often away from his New Haven businesses – which Holt managed. In 1760 Holt went to New York City to manage Parker's newspaper business there, the ''New-York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy''. On July 31, 1760, the newspaper appeared with the title of "James Parker and Company". Holt became James' junior partner in this newspaper, as had previously happened in Connecticut. Both Holt and Parker controlled the post riders from New York City to Hartford, Connecticut. These post riders met the post riders from Boston. The partnership broke up on May 6, 1762. Holt then became the general manager of the newspaper and changed the name to ''New-York Journal or General Advertiser.'' He rented the publishing facilities from Parker on a four-year lease. He leased the business from Parker until 1766, moving to "the lower End of Broad Street, opposite the Exchange" in May of 1763. Holt additionally then published books and other materials (i.e. pamphlets, handbills, broadsides) that were generally political. The publications Holt printed reflected his readers' struggle between the colonies and England. He also printed laws and other court actions for the Provincial Congress of New York. He also had a store that sold miscellaneous books on a variety of subjects including religion, freemasonry, economics, history, archaeology, poetry, and biographies. It also sold ink, paper, and other stationery supplies. Holt openly challenged the Stamp Act of 1765 while being the publisher of the ''New-York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy''. He was the favorite printer of the Sons of Liberty. Holt almost stopped the publication of this newspaper because of the heavy tax he would have to pay the English for stamped paper. The Sons of Liberty, with a threat of bodily harm, persuaded Holt to continue the newspaper in defiance of the tax. Holt then continued the newspaper on unstamped paper and even published for meetings of groups against the Stamp Act. He added to the heading of his newspaper the words "The united voice of all his Majesty's free and loyal subjects in America – Liberty and property and no stamps." Holt had a close relationship with the Sons of Liberty, which helped him get printing equipment. Once, they bailed him out of debtor's jail with a fee of over £400. The Sons of Liberty even subsidized him to publish the '' New-York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy'' as a Whig newspaper. He changed the name of the paper to ''New-York Gazette or General Advertiser'' in May of 1766, where he printed his relationship with Parker. Holt learned that Parker would not resume the ''New-York Gazette and Weekly Post-Boy'', so he continued the newspaper using the title until October 9, 1766 (no. 1240). On October 16 of the same year Holt changed the title to ''New-York Gazette or General Advertiser'' (no. 1241) and Parker then followed suit with the same number and printed his version of the ''New-York Gazette or General Advertiser''. Parker resumed his original newspaper that he had owned before leasing it to Holt. Holt's newspaper (issue number 1756) discontinued in New York City on August 29, 1776. This was when the British troops were about to occupy New York City. Holt made a fast exit from the city to New Haven, Connecticut, just as the British occupied New York City, leaving behind all his printing equipment and materials, which the British destroyed. Holt went into the printing business in Norfolk, Virginia in 1770, in a shop supervised by his son John Hunter. Holt ran the printing business under his son's name "John H. Holt and Company." There he printed the ''Virginia Gazette'' (aka the ''Norfolk Intelligencer''). Holt printed some unfavorable remarks about certain ancestors of Lord Dunmore and started a quarrel with him, the royal governor of the colony of Virginia. Dunmore sent fifteen of King George's soldiers to Holt's printing shop and took all of the types and parts of the printing press. In the presence of two to three hundred spectators the soldiers took these printing accessories and carried them back onto Dunmore's ship ''Eilbeck'', offshore.〔 It was rumored that Dunmore wanted to print newspapers himself in vindication.〔 However, he had no ink and only parts of a press, so was unable to print.〔 The soldiers were looking for Holt's son to capture but couldn't find him as he was hiding and eventually escaped the territory.〔 Holt then moved from Connecticut with his family in 1777 and went to Kingston, New York. There he became "public printer" for the colony of New York. Holt revived his newspaper in Kingston on July 7, 1777, starting with issue number 1757. He printed it until October 13, 1777, ending with issue number 1771. This was three days before the British burned down Kingston. He was only able to save of his personal property and about a sixth of his printing materials which included his account books, paper stock and two excellent font type sets. Holt again continued his newspaper on May 11, 1778, in Poughkeepsie, New York. In this town his newspaper was printed until November 6, 1780. It then restarted on July 30, 1781, and stopped on January 6, 1782. This time the reason it stopped was for the need of printing laws of the Colony of New York. It then resumed again on November 22, 1783, being titled ''The Independent New-York Gazette''. Holt's newspaper was printed then for the rest of his life under this title and variations of that. He criticized British "tyrannical designs" and taught the colonists how to resist British control. Modern-day historian Edwin Emery labeled Holt "the most important Radical printer outside Boston" during the American Revolution. Isaiah Thomas, founder of the American Antiquarian Society, described Holt as a "man of ardent feelings, and a high churchman, but a firm Whig, a good writer, and a warm advocate of the cause of his country." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Holt (publisher)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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